calotype: an early negative-positive photographic process, patented by William Henry Talbot in 1841, in which a paper negative is produced and then used to make a positive contact print in sunlight.

 

camera obscura: a darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside.

 

daguerreotype: an obsolete photographic process, invented in 1839, in which a picture made on a silver surface sensitized with iodine was developed by exposure to mercury vapor.

 

photogram: a silhouette photograph made by placing an object directly on sensitized paper and exposing it to light.

 

ruckenfigur: to describe a viewpoint that includes another person seen from behind, viewing a scene spread out before the viewer.

 

school: a group of artists devoted to art. the sublime: an elevated or lofty bearing.

 

avant-garde: the advance group in any field, especially in the visual, literary, or musical arts, whose works are characterized chiefly by unorthodox and experimental methods.

 

Japonism: is the influence of the Japanese art, culture, and aesthetics. The term is used particularly to refer to Japanese influence on European art, especially in impressionism.

 

lithography: the art or process of producing a picture, writing, or the like, on a flat, specially prepared stone, with some greasy or oily substance, and of taking ink impressions from this as in ordinary printing.

 

modernism: a deliberate philosophical and practical estrangement or divergence from the past in thearts and literature occurring especially in the course of the 20th century and taking form in any of various innovative movements and styles.

 

plein-air: the quality of light and atmosphere out of doors, especially this quality as rendered in painting.

 

pointillism: a theory and technique developed by the neo-impressionists, based on the principle that juxtaposed dots of pure color, as blue and yellow, are optically mixed into the resulting hue, as green, by the viewer.

 

positivism: the state or quality of being positive; definiteness; assurance.

 

primitive or naïve: of or pertaining to a preliterate or tribal people having cultural or physical similarities with their early ancestors: no longer in technical use.

 

skeleton: a supporting framework, as of a leaf, building, or ship.

 

zoopraxiscope: an early type of motion picture projector, designed by Eadweard Muybridge, in which the images were drawings or photographs placed along the rim of a circular glass plate, the shutter was a rotating opaque disk with radial slots, and a limelight source was used